When our dogs start slowing down, it can be a saddening sight. From the reluctance to play or that subtle pause before they climb the stairs, their actions all speak volumes, even when they can't.
In many cases, it's a consequence of old age and a long life. A dog's body generally gets weaker and weaker as it approaches senior years. But in other cases, it could be arthritis.
Arthritis in dogs is a painful, degenerative condition that causes inflammation in the joints. It leads to stiffness, reduced mobility, and in some cases, chronic pain. But while people often associate it with seniors, younger dogs aren’t entirely safe.
There are other factors included when talking about dogs and arthritis. With that, we're here to tell you all about it and share the ways you can help your best friend.
How Does Arthritis in Dogs Happen?
Arthritis, at its core, is chronic joint inflammation. But it’s more layered than stiffness or a “normal” part of aging.
This degenerative condition affects the protective cartilage that sits between the dog's bones. As time passes by, the cartilage wears away, the joint fluid becomes less effective, and the bones start to grind against each other.
As a result, dogs will experience pain, inflammation, and mobility problems. The longer this goes on, scar tissue and bone spurs can develop and worsen the condition.
Think of it like this: Each joint in your dog’s body is a mini-engine of motion, hinges, levers, and fluid sacs. When a dog has arthritis, the wear and tear lets the components begin to fail. As this goes on, the entire mechanism will slow down and eventually shut down.
What Are the Most Common Types of Arthritis in Dogs?
The inflammation of the joints has several types. These include:
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is also known as degenerative joint disease. It’s the most common type of arthritis in dogs, and most sources often refer to osteoarthritis as arthritis itself. Here, the loss of cartilage over time causes the bones to rub against each other.
OA can affect just about any type of joint, but it’s common in the dog’s knees, hips, elbows, and spine. This type of dog arthritis is commonly seen in large breeds such as:
German Shepherds
Mastiffs
Septic Arthritis
Septic arthritis in dogs, also called infectious arthritis, is a type that’s caused by an infection. This can be from bacterial or fungal means. It happens when an infection spreads through the joint when the dog gets a wound.
Since the joint fluid is rich in nutrients, the microbes easily multiply. When this happens, their rapid growth causes an inflammatory response in the joint itself. This response then breaks down the cartilage and leads to septic arthritis.
Immune-Mediated Arthritis
Immune-mediated arthritis in dogs happens when their immune systems attack their own joints. It’s also known as rheumatoid arthritis. This usually happens when the antibodies and immune complexes created to fight off pathogens accumulate in the joints.
Because of this, the immune system responds and causes the inflammation.
What Causes Arthritis in Dogs?
Arthritis in dogs doesn’t happen overnight. While age is by far one of the most common causes, other factors can cause joint degeneration. Here are the common risk factors:
Aging. As dogs get older, the joints naturally wear down. This means that the cartilage that once cushioned the joints will thin down and result in inflammation.
Genetics. Large and giant dog breeds are more prone to joint inflammation. This is because of their size and susceptibility to other joint issues.
Obesity. Dogs that are too heavy can also be at risk because of the stress their joints experience from the excess weight.
Joint Injuries and Trauma. Heavy blows and injuries such as fractures, ligament tears, and repetitive stress can cause joint damage and arthritis.
Infections and Autoimmune Diseases. Lyme disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and other related conditions can result in an inflammatory response to the joints, which causes them to wear down.
Poor Nutrition. Dogs that do not get the nutrients they need for joint health will have significant joint issues.
Which Dogs Are Prone to Arthritis?
Even though any type of dog can develop arthritis, there are some that have an increased risk and susceptibility to it.
Based on the causes and risk factors of arthritis in dogs, those at risk are mostly on the larger and older side. Dogs such as Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and German Shepherds are more prone because their large size accelerates the joint degeneration process.
Plus, they’re also prone to other joint issues, such as elbow and hip dysplasia.
Along with this, obese dogs and those that do not have proper nutrition will also be at risk. Lastly, dogs with intense exercise and prior injuries will be prone solely because of their risk of further injury.
So, if your dog fits any of these categories, be on the lookout and seek professional vet care.
Is Arthritis in Dogs a Normal Part of Aging?
No, canine arthritis is not a normal part of aging, it’s just a bit more common in older dogs. Dogs can develop arthritis for several reasons, and some of them can be acquired during the early years. In short, it’s not exclusive to age.
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Dog Arthritis?
Dog arthritis can be subtle at first. Be on the lookout for these signs:
Stiffness and Limping
Your dog may appear stiff when they get up from a nap or seem to "walk it off" after a few steps. This can worsen after exercise or some activity. Affected dogs might also favor one leg over the other because of the pain and stiffness. Because of this, your dog will have a different gait.
Difficulty and Reluctance to Move
Dogs with arthritis will often hesitate before climbing stairs, jumping from one couch to another, or going for walks. Even their favorite car rides and playtime outside will seem like a chore to do, which often results in dogs avoiding these activities.
They might prefer to rest and lie down more rather than do some exercise because it hurts a lot.
Behavioral Changes
Pain changes personalities. You might notice your dog becoming more withdrawn, sleeping more, or even showing signs of aggression if you touch their sore joints. Some dogs whimper, yelp, or lick at the painful area for relief.
Swelling and Muscle Loss
Swollen joints can feel warm or tender. As your dog avoids using those joints, the surrounding muscles weaken, especially around the hips, elbows, or knees. Dogs with arthritis can lose their muscle tone.
How Do Vets Diagnose Arthritis in Dogs?
To start, we'll check your dog's movement, gait, posture, and range of motion. Our vets will also listen closely for crepitus, which is a dry and grating sound that comes from within joints that have deteriorated. Diagnostic imaging will be a crucial part of the process.
X-rays can help us check for bone changes, the narrowing of the joint space, and new bone formations. CT scans and MRIs can help us look deeper, checking for abnormalities with soft tissue and cartilage.
In the case of septic arthritis in dogs, we'll do laboratory tests such as joint fluid analysis and blood tests.
Dog Arthritis Treatment
Treatment for arthritis in dogs consists of several methods and management options.
Medications
NSAIDs. These medications help control the dog’s pain and inflammation. NSAIDs are available in either oral or injectable forms, with examples such as carprofen and meloxicam.
Nerve Growth Factor Inhibitors. NGF drugs target the nerve growth factor and help block pain signals.
Pain Medications. We may prescribe neuropathic medications like gabapentin, amantadine, or tramadol for additional pain relief.
Joint Supplements and Nutraceuticals
Glucosamine and Chondroitin. Glucosamine suppresses the inflammation and degradation of the cartilage, while chondroitin helps maintain joint cartilage.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids. These fatty acids provide anti-inflammatory properties that can help manage symptoms.
Methylsulfonylmethane. MSM helps support joint health and reduce inflammation in these areas.
Green-Lipped Mussel Extract. A rich source of omega-3 fatty acids that can potentially be a joint supplement for dogs with arthritis.
Turmeric. Because of curcumin in turmeric, it can be potentially used as an anti-inflammatory supplement that also reduces joint pain.
Injectable Disease-Modifying Osteoarthritis Drugs. Injectable DMOADs can help regenerate cartilage and slow down the progression of dog arthritis.
Rehabilitation Therapies
Hydrotherapy. Underwater treadmills are effective at helping dogs exercise without adding any stress on the joints.
Cold Laser Therapy. This method works by stimulating cellular activity using a focused light. By doing so, it can promote healing, improve blood flow, and reduce inflammation.
Massage and Physiotherapy. Physical therapy can help manage pain and improve joint mobility. They also increase circulation, mobility, and strength.
Acupuncture. Acupuncture helps release pain-relieving endorphins. It also improves circulation, natural healing, and mobility.
Surgical Options
Joint Replacement. The damaged joint will be replaced with a prosthetic implant to remove pain and restore function.
Joint Fusion. The painful joint will be surgically fused to remove pain, but eliminate movement as well.
Weight Management and Exercise
Diet Adjustments. Provide a specialized arthritis diet for dogs. This can include lean meats, bone broth, and high-quality commercial dog food for joint health and mobility. Avoid foods that can contribute to arthritis.
Regulated Exercise. Use low-impact activities such as short walks and swimming. Focus on short, consistent routines over intense workouts.
How to Help a Dog With Arthritis?
If your dog is currently experiencing arthritis, regular vet checkups are recommended. Routine checkups allow our vets to monitor the progression of arthritis.
Additionally, anti-inflammatory medications, pain relievers, and other recommended therapies must be taken as directed. Stick to the treatment plan and keep a close eye on your dog at all times.
At home, it’s important to make it a little bit more friendly for your best friend. Dogs with arthritis often experience difficulty with their movement, so making a few home adjustments can be beneficial. These include:
Orthopedic dog beds
Non-slip mats
Ramps
Rear harnesses
Slightly elevated bowls
Support wraps
Vet Tips: How to Prevent Arthritis in Dogs?
While arthritis can’t be prevented entirely, there are things you can do to reduce the risk and delay its onset. Focus on your dog’s weight, joint health, and overall health.
Keep Your Dog at a Healthy Weight. Keep your dog’s diet filled with healthy fats and high-quality protein. A good weight avoids a lot of stress on the joints.
Provide Joint-Friendly Nutrition. Joint supplements support cartilage health and reduce inflammation, keeping joints strong.
Encourage Gentle Exercise. Controlled exercises that do not overwork your dog are the best options. Start with short walks.
Prevent Joint Injuries. Using ramps, soft bedding, and other helpful equipment can help keep your dog safe at home. Warmups before play can also help protect the joints.
Regular Visits. Routine checkups can allow us to diagnose joint issues before they worsen. This saves your dog a lot of pain and discomfort.
Our dogs give us their best years. It's our job to make sure their golden years are just as happy and comfortable.
- Dr. Sarabjit Singh
Final Thoughts
While dog arthritis can be challenging to predict and manage, there are several ways to help your dog get back up. The more you give your dog the care it deserves, the more they can enjoy their daily walks and playtime with you.
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