Addison’s in dogs, otherwise known as hypoadrenocorticism, is an endocrine disorder that affects dogs of all ages and breeds. It happens when the dog’s adrenal glands fail to produce enough hormones, particularly cortisol and aldosterone.
The condition begins right at the pituitary gland. This gland is responsible for producing adrenocorticotropic hormones, or ACTH for short. ACTH then makes its way into the adrenal glands and stimulates them.
Cortisol. Regulates metabolism, stress response, and immune function.
Aldosterone. Regulates blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and fluid balance.
In hypoadrenocorticism, affected dogs will have trouble maintaining normal physiological functions. This can be potentially severe and life-threatening.
What Are the Symptoms of Addison's Disease in Dogs
The condition is often called “The Great Imitator” in dogs because it mimics other diseases through its general symptoms. However, the disease can progress to more deadly symptoms over time.
Lethargy or weakness. Lethargy is often the first and most common symptom of canine Addison’s disease. Affected dogs may sleep more often and choose to rest rather than play.
Loss of appetite. Affected dogs may not eat at all. Even when given their favorite meals and treats, they’ll have no appetite, sometimes refusing food.
Vomiting and diarrhea. Due to the severe lack of cortisol and aldosterone, dogs may experience significant gastrointestinal inflammation, fluid imbalances, and blood pressure drops. These lead to vomiting and diarrhea.
Increased thirst and urination. Although less common, some dogs exhibit polydipsia and polyuria. You’ll often see your dog quickly finishing its water bowl and making frequent trips to pee.
Weight loss. Because of the lack of appetite, dogs will lose a significant portion of their weight. This is also due to inefficient nutrient absorption.
Muscle tremors. Muscle tremors or visible shaking often result from imbalances in potassium and sodium levels. These electrolytes are crucial for normal muscle function and nerve signals.
Irregular heart rate. An irregular heart rate can also be expected due to electrolyte imbalances, specifically high levels of potassium.
Sudden collapse. In severe cases, dogs will suddenly become weak and collapse. They might be unable to stand and move.
Are There Complications of Addison’s in Dogs?
Addison’s disease in dogs can progress to more severe health issues, including:
Addisonian Crisis. This occurs when the condition is left untreated and leads to a sudden worsening of symptoms, including collapse and weakness.
Severe Cardiovascular Issues. Excessive potassium levels can lead to a slower heart rate and arrhythmias.
Kidney Damage. Untreated Addison’s can cause kidney damage.
Gastrointestinal Distress. Possible severe vomiting and diarrhea, often with bloody stools.
Hypoglycemia. Excessively low blood sugar, caused by cortisol deficiency.
What Causes Addison’s Disease in Dogs?
Addison’s in dogs can be caused by primary and secondary factors. Primary factors directly affect the adrenal glands, while secondary causes involve another part of the body, resulting in a domino effect on the adrenal glands.
Autoimmune Disease
The most common cause of Addison’s disease is autoimmune adrenalitis. This is when the dog’s immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the adrenal glands. Because of this, dogs will lose essential hormones.
The damage is also permanent, which means affected dogs will need lifelong management and care.
Adrenal Gland Destruction
Canine Addison’s disease can also be caused by adrenal gland destruction brought about by infections, trauma, and tumors.
Infections. When bacterial or fungal infections worsen, they can potentially reach the adrenal glands and severely damage the tissues.
Trauma. Blunt force trauma to the abdomen can directly affect the adrenal glands.
Cancer. Abnormal growths in the adrenal glands can destroy adrenal tissue, directly hindering hormone production.
Medications
Medications, such as corticosteroids, can also impair the function of the adrenal glands. They can essentially suppress the natural function of the adrenal glands, causing canine Addison’s disease. This often happens with long-term steroid use.
Additionally, the medicines for Cushing’s disease in dogs, the opposite of Addison’s, can also suppress adrenal function.
Secondary Causes
In rare cases, Addison’s in dogs can be caused when the pituitary gland fails to produce ACTH. This may happen due to trauma to the head or tumors on the pituitary gland. Secondary Addison’s may also be caused by abruptly stopping long-term corticosteroid medication.
Idiopathic Reasons
In some cases, dogs may experience Addison’s disease without a known cause.
What Dogs Are Prone to Addison’s Disease?
Some dogs are considered to have a greater risk of acquiring Addison’s disease. This includes:
Portuguese Water Dog
West Highland White Terriers
How Do Vets Diagnose Addison’s Disease in Dogs?
Diagnosis can be difficult since the symptoms are similar to those of other conditions. However, there are several tests designed to detect Addison’s in dogs.
Physical Assessment
As usual, we’ll start with a physical exam to study your dog’s condition and medical history. After a brief discussion of the symptoms you observe at home, we can proceed to more tests.
Blood Tests
Initial bloodwork is the first step in identifying potential canine Addison’s disease. Through this, our vets will look for low sodium, high potassium, and low glucose levels. We’ll also check for any signs of kidney dysfunction. These can be indicators of the disease.
ACTH Stimulation Test
The ACTH stimulation test is the most definitive method for diagnosing Addison’s in dogs. It works by taking a blood sample to measure the dog’s cortisol levels. Next, a synthetic form of ACTH is injected into the dog. After an hour, another blood sample will be taken.
In healthy dogs, cortisol levels will rise significantly. But in dogs with Addison’s disease, the two samples will be similar in measurements, with little to no increase.
Other Tests
A urinalysis, electrocardiogram, and diagnostic imaging can also be used to diagnose specific causes and rule out other conditions. They can also help us assess your dog’s overall condition.
What Is the Treatment for Addison’s Disease in Dogs
Canine Addison’s disease will be treated with lifelong hormone replacement therapy. This will help fill the gap by replacing the missing cortisol and aldosterone.
Glucocorticoids. A common steroid used to mimic cortisol, with prednisone as the primary option. It's given orally daily and helps regulate metabolism and manage the body's stress response.
Mineralocorticoids. These synthetic hormones regulate electrolyte balance, acting as a replacement for aldosterone. Desoxycorticosterone pivalate is a common injectable type used. DOCP is typically given every 21 to 30 days, with a differing schedule based on your dog's condition.
In an Addisonian crisis, treatment will consist of fluid therapy, electrolyte correction, immediate hormone replacement, and other supportive care methods.
What Happens if You Don't Treat Addison's in Dogs?
If a dog with Addison’s disease is left untreated, then it can likely develop an Addisonian crisis. This includes severe dehydration, collapse, excessively low blood pressure, electrolyte imbalances, organ failure, and even death.
Prognosis for Dogs With Addison’s Disease
The prognosis for dogs with this condition is excellent with prompt diagnosis and lifelong management. Affected dogs may still live full, normal lives with solid management and regular checkups.
As part of their daily care, dogs require high-quality diets to support their bodies. Avoid overly processed foods, high-sodium meals, and unhealthy snacks. We can talk about the specifics with our pet nutritionist when you visit.
Due to impaired cortisol production, stressful and strenuous activities should be avoided. Lastly, prepare your dog's resting space. This area needs to be clean, safe, and calm to prevent unnecessary stress.
“Dog health is about daily love, smart choices, and a promise to protect their well-being.”
- Dr. Soheyl Simaei
Final Thoughts
Addison’s disease doesn’t have to be the end of your dog’s life. The key to success lies in one thing: consistent care. Be there for your dog for their daily medication, diet, and everyday life.
Most importantly, stay in close communication with us so we can continue keeping your dog happy and healthy.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does Addison's disease in dogs come on suddenly?
The condition often progresses gradually, not suddenly. It can take over a few weeks to months, with symptoms appearing slowly. However, it can also come suddenly as a life-threatening condition called an Addisonian crisis.
How long can a dog live with this condition?
With proper vet care and management, dogs with Addison’s can live full and healthy lives. However, they require regular checkups and need to avoid highly stressful situations.
At what age do dogs get Addison's?
Generally, dogs can get Addison’s when they are between 4 and 6 years old. However, Addison’s disease in dogs can develop at any age, even during their puppy years. Females are also more likely to develop it compared to males.
How fast does it progress?
Addison’s usually progresses gradually, taking over months or years. However, it can suddenly escalate into an Addisonian crisis.
What is the best dog food for dogs with Addison's disease?
Foods that work best for dogs with Addison’s have high-quality protein, are low in fat and carbohydrates, and have balanced nutrients. Some examples include lean meats, boiled chicken breast, and high-quality, specially formulated dog food.
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